Inhibitors of proteins from the rho-gef family

ABSTRACT

A method for screening peptides with an aptamer library for determining inhibitors of any one of the proteins from the Rho-GEFs family.

The present invention relates to inhibitors of proteins from the Rho-GEF family.

The present invention also relates to inhibitors of the protein Trio, and to the corresponding nucleotide sequences. The present invention also relates to the use of these inhibitors for the preparation of drugs.

Rho-GTPases are molecular switches that control actin cytoskeleton modifications during proliferation, transformation, cell migration and morphogenesis (Hall, A., 1998). They cycle between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rho-GEFs) accelerate their GDP/GTP exchange, rendering the GTPase active (Boguski et al., 1993). The large family of Rho-GEFs, like their GTPase targets, has been involved in a variety of cellular processes: several members of the Rho-GEF family were identified on the basis of their oncogenic properties, and numerous reports suggest that they are also involved in neuronal morphology (Stam et al., 1999).

Rho-GEFs usually share a conserved catalytic region termed the DH domain (for Dbl-Homology) in reference to the oncogene Dbl, which was one of the first Rho-GEF characterized (Hart et al., 1994).

A complex protein, named Trio, isolated by its capacity to bind to the transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase LAR, is a protein containing two Rho-GEF domains and one serine kinase domain, spectrin repeats, SH3 and an Immunoglobulin-like domains (Debant et al., 1996). The first Rho-GEF domain (TrioGEFD1) activates RhoG (Blangy et al., 2000), which in turn activates Rac and Cdc42, and promotes anchorage-independent cell growth (Seipel et al., 1999). In contrast, the second Rho-GEF domain (TrioGEFD2) acts specifically on RhoA (Debant et al., 1996), indicating that Trio is a multifunctional protein able to link several Rho-GTPase pathways in vivo (Bellanger et al., 1998). In addition, TrioGEFD1 binds to the actin binding proteins filamin and Tara, providing a direct link between Trio and the actin cytoskeleton (Bellanger et al., 2000; Seipel et al., 2001).

The understanding of Trio function made significant progress with recent data obtained from different studies of Trio family members. The C. Elegans and Drosophila Trio proteins are involved in axon guidance and cell migration (Steven et al., 1998; Bateman et al., 2000; Liebl et al., 2000; Newsome et al., 2000; Awasaki et al., 2000). TrioGEFD1 seems to play a major role in this process, whereas the function of TrioGEFD2 in the context of the full-length protein is unknown. Consistently, the rat Trio-like protein Kalirin is also involved in neuronal function (Penzes et al., 2001). Finally, the knock out of the trio gene in mouse was reported to be lethal, and trio −/− embryos display defects in neuronal organization and in muscle development (O'Brien et al., 2000).

The large Dbl family is involved in numerous physiological processes, and no specific inhibitors exist so far. Rho-GEFs, such as Trio, display multiple catalytic domains, whose relative contribution to the protein function is not always understood. Specific inhibitors of a given catalytic domain would thus represent powerful tools for precise structure-function studies and may be used as dominant negative inhibitors.

The aim of the present invention is to provide specific in vivo inhibitors of a Rho-GEF family member.

Another aim of the invention is to provide new peptides that inhibit a protein of the Rho-GEF family, particularly the protein Trio.

Another aim of the invention is to provide specific in vivo inhibitors of a Rho-GEF family member, blocking specifically the RhoA pathway.

Another aim of the invention is to provide specific inhibitors of the GEFD2 domain of Trio.

Another aim of the present invention is to provide inhibitors of TrioGEF2, in order to develop drugs to protect axons from retraction.

The present invention concerns the use of an aptamer library for determining inhibitors of any one of the proteins from the Rho-GEF family, by an appropriate screening process, said aptamer library being such as defined in Geyer et al. (2000).

The large family of Rho-GEF proteins is involved in numerous physiological processes, but no specific inhibitors exist so far. Crystallographic studies of Rho-GEFs in complex with their GTPase targets indicate that numerous interaction sites between GEF and GTPase exist, rendering the prediction of an efficient inhibitor impossible. This makes the use of the aptamer library containing a large number of peptides, the sequences of which have not been determined, unobvious.

The aptamer library used in the present invention is the one described in Colas et al. (1996) or in Geyer et al. (2000).

It is constituted of random peptides inserted in thioredoxin.

The strategy of the aptamer library developed by P. Colas et al. (1996) is based on the fact that peptide loops that are anchored at both their amino and carboxy termini are capable of specific and high-affinity molecular recognition. The constructed library directs the synthesis in yeast of 20-residue peptides of random sequence inserted in the active site (residue 35) of the E. coli thioredoxin A and fused to a modified set of protein moieties from the original yeast two-hybrid system (Colas et al., 1996; patent no WO 96/02561 by Brent et al.). The library contains 2,9.10⁹ members of these constrained random peptides and it can be obtained such as described in the international application WO 96/02561.

The proteins from the Rho-GEF family can be chosen among the Dbl family members, that invariably contain a DH domain (for Dbl-Homology domain, in reference to the first Rho-GEF identified) that harbours the catalytic activity, and a PH domain, thought to be involved mainly in subcellular targeting. More than 40 Rho-GEFs have been identified in mammals.

An appropriate screening process comprises the following steps:

i) the appropriate bait is established, in this case the DH-PH module of the Rho-GEF or possibly the DH domain alone;

ii) the library is then screened with the selected bait to isolate aptamers that specifically bind to the bait;

iii) the selected aptamers are then tested for their capacity to inhibit the catalytic activity of the appropriate RhoGEF to determine inhibitory aptamers; for that purpose, the selected aptamers are expressed as GST-fusion proteins, and their capacity of inhibition is tested using the in vitro GEF assay (see Examples);

iv) the inhibitory aptamers are then tested for their capacity to inhibit in intact cells the activity of the Rho-GEF on the appropriate GTPase, using the GTPase activity assay (Benard et al., 2002);

v) the inhibitory aptamers selected at stage iv) are finally tested for their capacity to inhibit the physiological effect of the RhoGEF in intact cells; for that purpose, the aptamer is expressed as a GFP-fusion protein and transfected into cells, or possibly transduced into cells with fusion peptides or adenovirus infection (see Examples).

The present invention also relates to the use of said aptamer library, for determining inhibitors of the protein Trio.

Rho-GTPases are molecular switches that control actin cytoskeleton modifications during proliferation, transformation, cell migration and morphogenesis. In fibroblasts, Rac, a particular Rho-GTPase, is involved in ruffle and lamellipodia formation, which is associated with cell motility, while RhoA, another Rho-GTPase, antagonizes this pathway by stimulating the formation of stress fibers, that are important for adhesion to the extracellular matrix. In neuronal cells, the Rac pathway is essential for axonal elongation and axon guidance, while RhoA activation mediates axon retraction and growth cone collapse induced by different repulsive cues. Targeting the RhoA-mediated retraction pathway could have potential applications in axon regeneration, since axons in the mammalian central nervous system do not spontaneously regenerate following injury, because of the presence of growth inhibitory factors in the central nervous system.

The Rho-GTPases are activated by Rho-GEFs that accelerate their GDP/GTP exchange. Rho-GEFs, like their GTPase targets, control a variety of physiological processes: several Rho-GEFs have been isolated by their capacity to transform NIH3T3 cells, while other Rho-GEFs have been involved in various functions such as lymphocyte activation, metastasis, neuronal morphology or development. The large family of GEFs invariably contains a DH domain containing the catalytic activity associated with a PH domain thought to be involved mainly in subcellular targeting.

Trio is a unique protein that possesses two GEF domains of distinct specificity and is involved in neuronal morphology and axon guidance. The first RhoGEF domain (TrioGEFD1) activates the Rac pathway, while the second RhoGEF domain (TrioGEFD2) activates RhoA, indicating that Trio controls neuronal morphology by its capacity to modulate the activity of Rho-GTPases that stimulate antagonistic pathways.

Given the fact that TrioGEFD2 activates the RhoA pathway, it is of crucial importance to identify inhibitors of this domain, that may have potential applications in axon regeneration.

According to an advantageous embodiment, the present invention also relates to the use of said aptamer library, for determining specific inhibitors of the GEFD2 domain of the protein Trio (TrioGEFD2).

The present invention also relates to the use of said aptamer library, for determining inhibitors of the protein Trio which specifically bind to the GEFD1 domain of the protein Trio (TrioGEFD1).

The present invention also relates to the use of said aptamer library, for determining inhibitors of the protein Trio which do not inhibit TrioGEFD1.

Inhibitors of the protein Trio which do not inhibit TrioGEFD1 can bind or not to the GEFD1 domain of the protein Trio.

The present invention also relates to a process for determining inhibitors of any one of the proteins from the Rho-GEF family, comprising:

-   -   a step of contacting said protein for which an inhibitor is         sought with the peptides from an aptamer library,     -   a step of recovering a first group of peptides which         specifically bind to said protein, particularly to the catalytic         domain of the GEF region of said protein,     -   a step of recovering, among the first group of peptides as         mentioned above, the peptide which specifically inhibits the in         vitro exchange activity of said protein towards any one of the         proteins from the Rho-GTPase family, as determined for example         in the GEF assay, and     -   a step of testing the peptide as mentioned above for its         capacity to inhibit in intact cells the activity of the Rho-GEF         on the appropriate GTPase, using for example the GTPase activity         assay.

The GTPase activity assay is for example the one described in Benard et al. (2002).

The present invention also relates to a process for determining inhibitors of any one of the proteins from the Rho-GEF family, comprising:

-   -   a step of contacting said protein for which an inhibitor is         sought with the peptides from an aptamer library,     -   a step of recovering a first group of peptides which         specifically bind to said protein, particularly to the catalytic         domain of the GEF region of said protein,     -   a step of recovering, among the first group of peptides as         mentioned above, the peptide which specifically inhibits the in         vitro exchange activity of said protein towards RhoA, as         determined for example in the GEF assay, and     -   a step of testing the peptide as mentioned above for its         capacity to inhibit in intact cells the activity of the Rho-GEF         on RhoA, using for example the GTPase activity assay.

The GTPase activity assay is for example the one described in Ren et al. (1999).

The present invention also relates to a polypeptide, characterized in that it comprises or consists of any one of the following amino acid sequences:

-   -   the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2,     -   or any sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 as         defined above, especially by substitution, deletion or addition         of one or more amino acids, with the proviso that said derived         sequence inhibits TrioGEFD2,     -   or any homologous sequence of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 as         defined above, preferably having a homology of at least about         30%, in particular of at least about 50%, with the sequence SEQ         ID NO: 2, with the proviso that said homologous sequence         inhibits TrioGEFD2,     -   or any fragment of any one of the sequences as defined above,         said fragment being preferably consisted of at least about 40 to         about 140, preferably of about 137 amino acids of the sequence         SEQ ID NO: 2, with the proviso that said fragment inhibits         TrioGEFD2.

SEQ ID NO: 2 corresponds to the sequence of a new aptamer TRIAPα, which contains 154 amino acids.

The new aptamer TRIAPα (Trio inhibitory aptamer) specifically inhibits the in vitro TrioGEFD2 guanine nucleotide exchange activity towards RhoA.

TRIAPα contains a variable region of 42 amino acids inserted into the thioredoxin protein. This variable region has no homology with any sequences in the databases.

To test whether the Trio-binding aptamers could inhibit the catalytic activity of GEFD2 towards the GTPase RhoA, the in vitro guanine nucleotide exchange assay (GEF assay) can be used.

For that purpose, aptamers, TrioGEFD2 and RhoA are expressed as GST-fusion proteins. RhoA is loaded with ³H-GDP, and the release of GDP is followed after addition of GEFD2 in presence or in absence of the selected aptamers (as described in Debant et al., 1996).

To test wether the Trio-binding aptamers could inhibit the catalytic activity of GEFD2 in intact cells, the inhibitory aptamers are expressed as GFP-fusion proteins, and tested in intact cells for their capacity to inhibit the activation of RhoA, using the GTPase activity assay (Ren et al., 1999).

An advantageous polypeptide according to the invention is a polypeptide such as defined above, characterized in that it comprises or consists of any one of the following amino acid sequences:

-   -   the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4,     -   or any sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4 as         defined above, especially by substitution, deletion or addition         of one or more amino acids, with the proviso that said derived         sequence inhibits TrioGEFD2,     -   or any homologous sequence of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4 as         defined above, preferably having a homology of at least about         30%, in particular of at least about 50%, with the sequence SEQ         ID NO: 4, with the proviso that said homologous sequence         inhibits TrioGEFD2,     -   or any fragment of any one of the sequences as defined above,         said fragment being preferably consisted of at least about 25 to         about 40, preferably of about 30 amino acids of the sequence SEQ         ID NO: 4, with the proviso that said fragment inhibits         TrioGEFD2.

SEQ ID NO: 4 corresponds to the sequence of a new peptide TRIPα, which contains 42 amino acids.

The new peptide TRIPα (Trio inhibitory peptide) corresponds to the variable region of the aptamer TRIAPα. Thus, TRIPα is a fragment of TRIAPα, and it corresponds to the sequence delimited from the amino acid in position (36) to the amino acid in position (77) of TRIAPα.

TRIPα is as potent as TRIAPα to block in vitro and in vivo TrioGEFD2 exchange activity, suggesting that TRIPα inhibition is not dependent on the thioredoxin scaffold.

The present invention also relates to a fragment of TRIPα such as defined above, characterized in that it is chosen among the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 18.

SEQ ID NO: 6 is a fragment of the peptide TRIPα: it is also referred to as TRIPα 9-42. It corresponds to the fragment of TRIPα, delimited from the amino acid in position (9) to the amino acid in position (42) of the above-mentioned sequence SEQ ID NO: 4.

SEQ ID NO: 8 is a fragment of the peptide TRIPα: it is also referred to as TRIPα 9-40. It corresponds to the fragment of TRIPα, delimited from the amino acid in position (9) to the amino acid in position (40) of the above-mentioned sequence SEQ ID NO: 4.

SEQ ID NO: 10 is a fragment of the peptide TRIPα: it is also referred to as TRIPα 9-38. It corresponds to the fragment of TRIPα, delimited from the amino acid in position (9) to the amino acid in position (38) of the above-mentioned sequence SEQ ID NO: 4.

SEQ ID NO: 12 is a fragment of the peptide TRIPα: it is also referred to as TRIPα 9-36. It corresponds to the fragment of TRIPα, delimited from the amino acid in position (9) to the amino acid in position (36) of the above-mentioned sequence SEQ ID NO: 4.

SEQ ID NO: 14 is a fragment of the peptide TRIPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 9-34. It corresponds to the fragment of TRIPα, delimited from the amino acid in position (9) to the amino acid in position (34) of the above-mentioned sequence SEQ ID NO: 4.

SEQ ID NO: 16 is a fragment of the peptide TRIPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 9-33. It corresponds to the fragment of TRIPα, delimited from the amino acid in position (9) to the amino acid in position (33) of the above-mentioned sequence SEQ ID NO: 4.

SEQ ID NO: 18 is a fragment of the peptide TRIPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 1-33, It corresponds to the fragment of TRIPα, delimited from the amino acid in position (1) to the amino acid in position (33) of the above-mentioned sequence SEQ ID NO: 4.

The present invention relates to a variant of TRIAPα such as defined above, characterized in that it is chosen among the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO: 60.

SEQ ID NO: 20 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 9-42. It contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-42, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 6, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 22 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 9-40. It contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-40, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 8, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 24 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 9-38. It contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-38, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 10, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 26 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 9-36. It contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-36, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 28 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 9-34. It contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-34, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 14, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 30 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 9-33. It contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-33, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 16, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 32 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα: it is also referred to as TRIAPα 1-33. It contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 1-33, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 34 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-42, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 6, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 36 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 940, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 8, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 38 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-38, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 10, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 40 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-36, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 42 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-34, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 14, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 44 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-33, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 16, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 46 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 1-33, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 48 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-42, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 6, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 50 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-40, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 8, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 52 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-38, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 10, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 54 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-36, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 56 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-34, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 14, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 58 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 9-33, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 16, inserted into the thioredoxin.

SEQ ID NO: 60 is a variant of the aptamer TRIAPα, which contains the fragment of TRIPα, TRIPα 1-33, represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18, inserted into the thioredoxin.

Thus, the above-mentioned variants of TRIAPα, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30 and SEQ ID NO: 32, are constituted by:

-   -   a first fragment of the thioredoxin, which corresponds to the         sequence delimited from the amino acid in position (1) to the         amino acid in position (35),     -   a fragment of TRIPα, chosen among the following sequences: SEQ         ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:         14, SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 18, and     -   a second fragment of the thioredoxin, which corresponds to the         sequence delimited from the amino acid in position (34) to the         amino acid in position (110).

Thus, the above-mentioned variants of TRIPα, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 44 and SEQ ID NO: 46, are constituted by:

-   -   a first fragment of the thioredoxin, which corresponds to the         sequence delimited from the amino acid in position (1) to the         amino acid in position (35),     -   a fragment of TRIPα, chosen among the following sequences: SEQ         ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:         14, SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 18, and     -   a second fragment of the thioredoxin, which corresponds to the         sequence delimited from the amino acid in position (36) to the         amino acid in position (110).

Thus, the above-mentioned variants of TRIAPα, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO: 60, are constituted by:

-   -   a first fragment of the thioredoxin, which corresponds to the         sequence delimited from the amino acid in position (1) to the         amino acid in position (33),     -   a fragment of TRIPα, chosen among the following sequences: SEQ         ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:         14, SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 18, and     -   a second fragment of the thioredoxin, which corresponds to the         sequence delimited from the amino acid in position (34) to the         amino acid in position (110).

The present invention relates to a polypeptide such as defined above, comprising any one of the above-mentioned amino acid sequences, and containing flanking parts consisting of fragments of the thioredoxin.

E. coli thioredoxin is a small protein very stable which can be produced at high levels. Thioredoxin contains a Cys-Cys active loop where peptides can be inserted and subjected to conformational constraint, since both cysteines can form a disulphide bond under appropriate conditions.

The expression “flanking parts consisting of fragments of the thioredoxin” can mean either that the N-terminal and C-terminal flanking parts when considered together correspond to the complete sequence of thioredoxin (in such a case the above-mentioned amino sequences are inserted in thioredoxin), or that the N-terminal and C-terminal flanking parts are themselves fragments from thioredoxin, the size of said fragment advantageously being from about 20 to about 60 amino acids.

The present invention also concerns a nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide such as defined above.

The present invention also relates to a nucleotide sequence such as defined above, characterized in that it comprises or consists of:

-   -   the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 coding for         the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 2,     -   or any nucleotide sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO:         1 by degeneration of the genetic code, and coding for a         polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 2,     -   or any nucleotide sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO:         1, especially by substitution, deletion or addition of one or         more nucleotides, and coding for a derived polypeptide such as         defined in claim 4,     -   or any nucleotide sequence homologous of SEQ ID NO: 1, having         preferably a homology of at least about 15%, in particular of at         least about 20%, and preferably of at least 30%, with the         sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 coding for a polypeptide homologous of SEQ         ID NO: 2, such as defined in claim 4,     -   or any fragment of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or of         any one of the above-defined nucleotide sequences, said fragment         being preferably consisted of at least about 120 to about 420,         preferably of about 411 nucleotides of the sequence SEQ ID NO:         1,     -   or any complementary nucleotide sequence of the above-mentioned         sequences or fragments,     -   or any nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing in stringent         conditions with the complementary sequence of one of the         above-mentioned sequences or fragments.

SEQ ID NO: 1 is a new nucleotide sequence, coding for the new peptide TRIAPα, represented by SEQ ID NO: 2.

The expression “hybridizing in stringent conditions” corresponds to a hybridization at 42° C. in 50% formamide, 4×SSC (sodium chloride sodium citrate buffer), followed by a washing at 65° C. in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS.

The present invention also relates to a nucleotide sequence such as defined above, characterized in that it comprises or consists of:

-   -   the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 coding for         the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 4,     -   or any nucleotide sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO:         3 by degeneration of the genetic code, and coding for a         polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 4,     -   or any nucleotide sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO:         3, especially by substitution, deletion or addition of one or         more nucleotides, and coding for a derived polypeptide such as         defined in claim 6,     -   or any nucleotide sequence homologous of SEQ ID NO: 3, having         preferably a homology of at least about 15%, in particular of at         least about 20%, and preferably of at least 30%, with the         sequence SEQ ID NO: 3 coding for a polypeptide homologous of SEQ         ID NO: 4, such as defined in claim 6,     -   or any fragment of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or of         any one of the above-defined nucleotide sequences, said fragment         being preferably consisted of at least about 75 to about 120,         preferably of about 90 nucleotides of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3,     -   or any complementary nucleotide sequence of the above-mentioned         sequences or fragments,     -   or any nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing in stringent         conditions with the complementary sequence of one of the         above-mentioned sequences or fragments.

SEQ ID NO: 3 is a new nucleotide sequence, coding for the new peptide TRIPα, represented by SEQ ID NO: 4.

The expression “hybridizing in stringent conditions” corresponds to a hybridization at 42° C. in 50% formamide, 4×SSC (sodium chloride sodium citrate buffer), followed by a washing at 65° C. in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS.

A fragment of a nucleotide sequence such as defined in any one of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that it is chosen among the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 17.

SEQ ID NO: 5 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 6, a fragment of the peptide TRIPα, also referred to as TRIPα 9-42. It corresponds to the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 3, delimited from the nucleotide in position (25) to the nucleotide in position (126) of said sequence SEQ ID NO: 3.

SEQ ID NO: 7 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 8, a fragment of the peptide TRIPα, also referred to as TRIPα 940. It corresponds to the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 3, delimited from the nucleotide in position (25) to the nucleotide in position (120) of said sequence SEQ ID NO: 3.

SEQ ID NO: 9 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 10, a fragment of the peptide TRIPα, also referred to as TRIPα 9-38. It corresponds to the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 3, delimited from the nucleotide in position (25) to the nucleotide in position (114) of said sequence SEQ ID NO: 3.

SEQ ID NO: 11 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 12, a fragment of the peptide TRIPα, also referred to as TRIPα 9-36. It corresponds to the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 3, delimited from the nucleotide in position (25) to the nucleotide in position (108) of said sequence SEQ ID NO: 3.

SEQ ID NO: 13 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 14, a fragment of the peptide TRIPα, also referred to as TRIPα 9-34. It corresponds to the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 3, delimited from the nucleotide in position (25) to the nucleotide in position (102) of said sequence SEQ ID NO: 3.

SEQ ID NO: 15 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 16, a fragment of the peptide TRIPα, also referred to as TRIPα 9-33. It corresponds to the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 3, delimited from the nucleotide in position (25) to the nucleotide in position (99) of said sequence SEQ ID NO: 3.

SEQ ID NO: 17 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 18, a fragment of the peptide TRIPα, also referred to as TRIPα 1-33. It corresponds to the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 3, delimited from the nucleotide in position (1) to the nucleotide in position (99) of said sequence SEQ ID NO: 3.

The present invention relates to a variant of a nucleotide sequence such as defined above, characterized in that it is chosen among the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 57 and SEQ ID NO: 59.

SEQ ID NO: 19 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 20, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 21 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 22, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 23 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 24, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 25 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 26, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 27 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 28, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 29 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 30, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 31 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 32, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 33 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 34, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 35 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 36, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 37 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 38, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 39 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 40, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 41 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 42, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 43 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 44, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 45 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 46, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 47 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO 48, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 49 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 50, a variant of TRIPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 51 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 52, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 53 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 54, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 55 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 56, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 57 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 58, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

SEQ ID NO: 59 corresponds to the nucleotide sequence coding for SEQ ID NO: 60, a variant of TRIAPα, represented by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1.

The present invention relates to a recombinant vector, especially a plasmid, a cosmid, a phage or a DNA virus, containing a nucleotide sequence such as defined above.

The present invention also relates to a recombinant vector such as defined above, containing the elements necessary for the expression in a host cell of the polypeptides coded by the above-mentioned nucleic acids, inserted in said vector.

The present invention relates to a host cell, in particular chosen from bacteria, viruses, yeasts, fungi, plants or mammalian cells, the said host cell being transformed, especially by means of a vector such as defined above, in such a way that its genome contains a nucleotide sequence such as defined above.

The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition characterized in that it comprises a polypeptide such as defined above, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

An advantageous pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is characterized in that it contains from about 700 μg to about 80 mg, preferably from about 7 to about 40 mg, as a unit dose, of the above-mentioned polypeptide.

The present invention also concerns the use of a polypeptide such as defined above, for the preparation of a drug for the treatment of pathologies that are related to the peripheral nervous system or to the central nervous system, in particular for the treatment of accidental paralysis related to the spinal marrow.

The present invention also relates to the use of TRIPα or TRIAPα, for the preparation of a drug in order to prevent axons from retraction.

TRIPα and its derivatives can be used in nervous system damages, where an increase in neurite extension or regeneration is desired. Patients suffering from traumatic disorders like spinal cord injuries, spinal cord or other CNS pathway lesions, from surgical nerve lesions, damages following infarction, infection, exposure to toxic agents, malignancy, or patients with various types of degenerative disorders of the CNS can be treated with such an inhibitor. Examples of degenerative diseases include but are not limited to Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other dementias.

TRIPα seems to be particularly useful to promote regeneration of nerve fibers following spinal cord damage.

LEGENDS TO THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Binding specificity of the selected aptamers in yeast

The selected aptamers TRIAPα, TRIAPβ, TRIAPγ, binding to TrioGEFD2 were tested for specific interaction with different baits as follows: TrioGEFD2 (DH2PH2, amino acids 1848-2298), TrioDH2 (amino acids 1848-2096), TrioPH2 (amino acids 2107-2223), or TrioGEFD1 (DH1PH1, amino acids 1232-1620), Dbl (amino acids 498-826)(Hart et al. 1994), Vav (amino acids 127-598) (Zhang et al., 1994), GEFD2 domain of Kalirin (a.a. 1640-1980)(Penzes et al., 2001), PDZRhoGEF (amino acids 964-1362) (Fukuhara et al., 1999) and p115RhoGEF (amino acids 391-870)(Wells et al, 2002), and monitored for growth on selective medium. Trx represents the thioredoxin protein with no inserted peptide.

TRIAPβ and TRIAPγ bind only to the DH2PH2 module, whereas TRIAPα also binds to the DH2 catalytic domain. It is noteworthy that TRIAPα also weakly interacts with TrioDHPH1 and with the second RhoGEF domain of the Trio family member kalirin.

FIGS. 2A and 2B: TRIAPα inhibits TrioGEFD2 exchange activity on RhoA in vitro.

FIG. 2A shows that TRIAPα is a potent inhibitor of TrioGEFD2 activity.

The y-axis represents the percentage of [³ H]GDP-bound RhoA.

A 20-fold molar excess (8 μM) of GST-aptamers TRIAPα, TRIAPβ (another TrioGEFD2 binding aptamer), TRIAPγ (another TrioGEFD2 binding aptamer) or the empty thioredoxine (Trx) were pre-incubated with 0.4 μM GST-GEFD2 (left side of FIG. 2A) or 0.4 μM GST-DH2 (right side of FIG. 2A), as indicated, before adding 0.3 μM of [³H]GDP loaded GST-RhoA. The exchange activity was monitored by the decrease of [³H]GDP bound-RhoA after 15 min (see Materials and Methods). The amount of [³H]GDP bound-RhoA incubated without GEF (first bar on the left) was defined as 100%. The values and errors bars were calculated from at least three independent experiments.

“+” means that the corresponding aptamer (written on the right part of the figure) is present in the reaction; and “−” means that the corresponding aptamer is absent from the reaction.

TRIAPα inhibits both TrioGEFD2 and TrioDH2 exchange activities on RhoA in vitro, while TRIAPβ and TRIAPγ have no effect.

FIG. 2B shows that TRIAPα inhibition of GEFD2 is dose-dependent.

The x-axis represents the aptamer concentration added in the reaction and the y-axis represents the percentage of [³H]GDP-bound RhoA.

The first bar on the left corresponds to the amount of [³H]GDP bound-RhoA incubated without GEF, defined as 100%.

0.4 μM GST-GEFD2 were incubated with increasing amounts of GST-TRIAPα (grey bars) or GST (black bars), and the exchange assay was then performed on 0.3 μM RhoA, as described in A.

Inhibition of TrioGEFD2 by TRIAPα is concentration-dependent, with an apparent half-inhibitory concentration of 4 μM.

FIG. 3: TRIAPα inhibition is specific for TrioGEFD2

The y-axis represents the percentage of [³H]GDP-bound RhoA.

To test the specificity of TRIAPα inhibition in vitro, exchange experiments were performed either on RhoA with different RhoA-specific GEFs: Trio GEFD2 (0.4 μM), Kalirin GEFD2 (KalGEFD2, 1.7 μM), p63RhoGEF (Souchet et al., 2002) (0.4 μM) and Lbc (amino acids 172-598; Zheng et al., 1995) (0.4 μM), or on RhoG, with the RhoG-specific GEF domain of Trio (TrioGEFD1, 0.1 μM). Exchange assays were performed with the recombinant GEFs as described in FIG. 2A. Different concentrations of RhoGEFs were used to yield a similar nucleotide exchange efficiency. For each exchange factor, three independent experiments were done in absence (black bar) or in the presence (grey bar) of a 20-fold molar excess of TRIAPα.

TRIAPα has no effect on the exchange activities of Lbc, p63RhoGEF and TrioGEFD1, while it weakly inhibits Kalirin GEFD2 activity on RhoA.

FIG. 4: TRIPα shows the same inhibitory properties as TRIAPα

The y-axis represents the percentage of [³H]GDP-bound RhoA.

A 42-amino acid peptide corresponding to the variable moiety of TRIAPα, TRIPα, and a deletion of TRIAPα 11-42, were tested in exchange assays for their ability to block TrioGEFD2 activity on RhoA. GEF assays were performed as described in FIG. 2A in the absence or in presence of 8 μM of the different inhibitors tested, as indicated.

The first black bar corresponds to the amount of [³ H]GDP bound-RhoA incubated without GEF. The second black bar corresponds to [³H]GDP bound-RhoA incubated with TrioGEFD2 alone; the white bar corresponds to [³H]GDP bound-RhoA incubated with TrioGEFD2 and TRIPα, and the hatched bar corresponds to [³H]GDP bound-RhoA incubated with TrioGEFD2 and TRIAPα 11-42.

TRIPα inhibits TrioGEFD2 activity to a similar level than TRIAPα, whereas a deletion construct of TRIAPα, TRIAPα 11-42, is unable to block TrioGEFD2 exchange activity.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D: Inhibition of TrioGEFD2 by TRIPα in intact cells.

FIG. 5A represents the interaction of HA (Haemagglutinin-Tagged)-TrioGEFD2 with GFP-TRIPα in COS cells.

HA-TrioGEFD2 was co-expressed with either GFP-TRIPα (right column) or GFP alone (left column). The upper panel represents the immunoprecipitation (IP) with the anti-GFP antibody (α-GFP), followed by a western-blot (WB) using the anti-HA antibody (α-HA) and the two lower panels represent the expression of the proteins in the cell lysates.

FIG. 5B represents the inhibitory effect of TRIPα on TrioGEFD2-mediated RhoA activation in intact cells using the RhoA activity assay. COS cells were transfected with GFP-TRIPα (left line), TrioGEFD2 (middle line) or both (right line). Cell lysates were subjected to GST-pulldown using the recombinant RBD (RhoA binding domain) fragment of the RhoA-specific effector Rhotekin. The presence of the GTP-bound form of RhoA and of the total RhoA protein was detected using a monoclonal anti-RhoA antibody and is represented in the upper two panels. GFP-TRIPα and TrioGEFD2 expression in the cell lysates is shown in the lower two panels.

Quantification of the RhoA activity assay is shown in the right part of the figure. The y-axis represents the ratio between active RhoA and total RhoA, in arbitrary units.

The left black column corresponds to COS cells transfected with GFP-TRIPα; the middle black column corresponds to COS cells transfected with TrioGEFD2 and the right black column corresponds to COS cells transfected with GFP-TRIPα and TrioGEFD2.

In COS cells, TRIPα is able to inhibit TrioGEFD2-mediated RhoA activation.

FIG. 5C represents the inhibition by TRIPα of the TrioGEFD2 effect in neuronal morphology. Immunofluorescence images of PC12 cells co-transfected with HA-TrioGBFD2 and either GFP-TRIPα (panels d, e, f) or GFP alone (panels a, b, c) are shown. After 48 hours of expression, cells were treated for 16 hours with NGF (nerve growth factor) (50 ng/ml) and fixed. Expression of GFP and GFP-TRIPα was directly visualised (a,d) whereas overexpressed TrioGEFD2 was detected using the 12CA5 anti-HA antibody followed by AMCA-conjugated anti-mouse Ig (b, e). Filamentous actin was stained with Rhodamine-conjugated Phalloidin (c, f). Scale bar: 20 μm.

FIG. 5D represents the quantification of the TRIPα inhibition of Trio-GEFD2-induced neuronal morphology. The y-axis of this figure represents the percentage of co-transfected cells with neurites.

Cells were transfected with HA-tagged TrioGEFD2 (left side of the figure), myc-tagged KalGEFD2 (middle of the figure) or RhoAV14 (a constitutively active mutant of RhoA) (right side of the figure), and with either GFP-TRIPα (white bars), GFP-TRIPβ (hatched bars) or GFP alone (black bars). Cells were processed as described in FIG. 5C and the number of co-transfected cells with neurites was counted. In conclusion, only the TrioGEFD2 effect is reversed by TRIPα.

FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C: Effect of TRIPα on neuronal morphology

FIG. 6A represents histograms quantifying the effects of GFP-TRIPα or GFP on serum induced neurite retraction in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. The X-axis represents the time after serum addition in minutes and the Y-axis represents the percentage of transfected cells with neurites.

Cells were transfected with GFP-TRIPα (white bars) or GFP (black bars) and differentiated with NGF (50 ng/ml). Serum was added and neurite retraction was followed for 15 minutes. The number of transfected cells with neurites was counted from at least 200 cells in 3 independent experiments.

FIG. 6B represents histograms quantifying the effects of GFP-TRIPα or GFP on LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) induced neurite retraction in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. The X-axis represents the time after LPA addition in minutes and the Y-axis represents the percentage of transfected cells with neurites.

Cells were transfected with GFP-TRIPα (white bars) or GFP (black bars) and differentiated with NGF (50 ng/ml). 10 μM LPA was added and neurite retraction was followed for 15 minutes. The number of transfected cells with neurites was counted from at least 200 cells in 3 independent experiments.

Altogether, these results suggest that TRIPα prevents serum- and LPA-induced neurite retraction, and that this effect is due to the modulation of Trio activity.

FIG. 6C shows that TRIPα enhances NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. The X-axis represents the time in hours and the Y-axis represents the percentage of cells with neurites.

PC12 were transfected with GFP-TRIPα (black squares) or GFP (white diamonds) and subjected to a time-course exposure to NGF (50 ng/ml). At each time-point cells were fixed and the number of transfected cells with neurites was counted from at least 200 cells.

FIGS. 7A and 7B: Inhibition of TrioGEFD2 activity by TRIPα in the Yeast Exchange Assay (YEA)

FIG. 7A shows the principle of the Yeast Exchange Assay, based on the two-hybrid system. The wild type GTPase is fused to the LexA DNA binding domain (Matchmaker GAL4 two-hybrid, Clontech Laboratories, Inc., USA) and the effector to the GALA-activation domain (Matchmaker GAL4 two-hybrid, Clontech, Inc., USA). Under these conditions, no binding occurs in the TAT7 strain (De Toledo et al., 2000). Upon addition of a third plasmid expressing the GEF, the GTPase gets activated and binds to its effector, thus leading to the transactivation of the reporter gene LacZ.

FIG. 7B shows that TRIPα inhibits TrioGEFD2-mediated RhoA activation in the YEA system. TrioGEFD2, a control GEF (GEF720) or an empty vector (−GEF: corresponds to a vector without GEF) were introduced into the YEA system and analysed for their ability to transactivate the reporter gene in absence (left panel) or in the presence (right panel) of TRIPα. This Figure shows that only GEFD2 is affected by TRIPα and is unable to activate RhoA, while the control GEF is unaffected.

FIG. 8: Effect of TRIPα on full length Trio in the YEA system

Full length Trio was introduced into the YEA and tested for its ability to activate RhoA and RhoG respectively, in the presence or absence of TRIPα. The table below summarizes the effect of TRIPα on Trio as schematized in this Figure. −TRIPα +TRIPα RhoA − − RhoG ++ ++++ “++” represents a slight activation of the reporter gene, “++++” represents a strong activation of the reporter gene and “−” represents no activation of the reporter gene.

FIGS. 9 a-9 f: Expression of CAV-GFP-TRIP fusion peptides in rat cortical neurons.

Rat E18 (embryonic day 18) cortical neurons were infected with adenovinis vectors coding for GFP (9 a, 9 b), GFPTRIPα (9 c, 9 d), or GFPTRIPβ (9 e, 9 f) and fixed 48 hours later. Cells were visualised by Differential Interference Contrast (Nomarski) (9 b, 9 d, 9 f) and expression of GFP-fusion peptides was visualised by direct fluorescence (9 a, 9 c, 9 e).

A majority of the cells were infected by the adenovirus vectors and expressed the GFP-fusion peptides.

EXAMPLES

Isolation of Aptamers Binding to Trio GEFD2 Using a Genetic Screen in Yeast

In order to identify specific inhibitors of TrioGEFD2, a recently developed strategy was used, this strategy being derived from the yeast two hybrid system, where the cDNA library of preys has been replaced by a combinatorial library of short peptides (20 amino acids) in fusion with the bacterial protein thioredoxin A (Colas et al., 1996). This strategy has been successfully used to isolate specific inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), the cell cycle transcription factor E2F, or the viral HPV16 E6 oncoprotein and HBV core protein (Colas et al., 1996; Butz et al., 2001; Fabrizzio et al., 1999; Geyer et al., 2000). The TrioGEFD2 bait was constructed as follows: plasmid pMTHATrio1848-2298 (Bellanger et al., 1998) was digested with EcoRI/XhoI and the insert cloned in pEG202EcoRI/XhoI to generate the bait pEG202TrioGEFD2. Yeast strain EGY048 (Colas et al., 1996) was transformed with pEG202TrioGEFD2 and subsequently with the library of Thioredoxin constrained aptamers according to standard procedures (Ito et al., 1983). After transformation, cells were allowed to recover for 4 hours in galactose containing medium before plating on selective galactose medium. Of the 2×10⁶ screened colonies, those growing in the selective medium were recovered and retested for interaction. Among the aptamers binding to TrioGEFD2 in yeast, three were selected for further analysis: TRIAPα, TRIAPβ, TRIAPγ (FIG. 1A). Binding specificity was investigated by screening for interaction with the following baits: TrioDH2 (a.a. 1848-2096), TrioPH2 (a.a. 2107-2223), TrioGEFD1 (a.a 1232-1629), Dbl (a.a. 498-826), Vav (aa. 172-598)(Zhang et al, 1994), GEFD2 domain of Kalirin (a.a. 1640-1980)(Penzes et al., 2001), p115RhoGEF (a.a 391-870)(Wells et al, 2002) and PDZRhoGEF (a.a. 964-1362) (Fukuhara et al., 1999). None of these aptamers interacted with other RhoGEF members such as Dbl, Vav, and the RhoA-specific GEFs p 115RhoGEF and PDZRhoGEF. TRIAPα interacted weakly with TrioGEFD1 and with the second GEF domain of the Trio family member Kalirin. In addition, TRIAPα and not TRIAPβ and TRIAPγ interacted with the DH2 catalytic domain alone.

The variable moiety of the aptamers is inserted into the thioredoxin A protein at the amino acid 35 position as described elsewhere (Geyer et al., 2000). Its nucleic acid sequence was determined using an ABIPRISM automated sequencer (Perkin Elmer) and the predicted amino acid sequence deduced. The variable sequence of TRIAPα (42 amino acids) showed no homology to any sequence in the databases.

TRIAPα Inhibits the In Vitro Exchange Activity of TrioGEFD2 Towards RhoA.

As described earlier, TrioGEFD2 displays specific exchange activity on RhoA (Debant et al., 1996), and not on Rac or Cdc42. An in vitro guanine nucleotide exchange (GEF) assay was used to test whether the TrioGEFD2-binding aptamers could inhibit the catalytic activity of TrioGEFD2 towards RhoA. For this purpose, the aptamers TRIAPα, TRIAPβ and TRIAPγ (including the Trx gene) were excised from pEG202 as EcoRI/NotI fragments and cloned into pGEX4T1 EcoRI/NotI. The aptamers were then expressed and purified from bacteria as GST fusion proteins, using standard procedures (Smith and Johnson, 1988). GTPase-GST fusion proteins were prepared, loaded with [³H]GDP and the guanine nucleotide release assays were performed as described (Debant et al., 1996), using recombinant GST-TrioGEFD2 (a.a. 1848-2298), TrioDH2 (a.a. 1848-2096). For each point, 0.3 μM GTPase was mixed with or without 0.4 μM GEF in presence of non-labeled GTP, and the reaction mix was filtered after 0 min and 15 min reaction at 25° C. The catalytic activity of TrioGEFD2 was thus measured by the decrease of the GTPase-associated radioactivity. The results are expressed as the ratio “exchange after 15 min over exchange after 0 min” (% bound [³H]GDP-RhoA). To measure the effect of the aptamers on the exchange activity, a 20-fold molar excess of GST-TRIAPs was pre-incubated with GEFD2 (or GEFD1) for 30 min on ice before the exchange assay was carried out. For each experiment, data were obtained in triplicate.

As shown in FIG. 2A, preincubation of a 20-fold molar excess of GST-TRIAPα (8 μM) with TrioGEFD2 (0.4 μM) significantly inhibited its in vitro catalytic activity towards RhoA, whereas the same amount of GST-TRIAPβ, GST-TRIAPγ or GST-thioredoxin (GST-Trx) had no effect. GST-TRIAPα inhibited both TrioGEFD2 and TrioDH2 exchange activities, which is consistent with the fact that TRIAPα also recognised the DH2 catalytic domain in yeast. Moreover, inhibition of GEFD2 by GST-TRIAPα was concentration-dependent, with an apparent half-inhibitory concentration of around 4 μM (FIG. 2B).

TRIAPα Inhibition is Specific for TrioGEFD2

The effect of GST-TRIAPα on other Rho-GEFs that display in vitro exchange activity on RhoA was next tested to investigate whether TRIAPα inhibition was specific of TrioGEFD2. The exchange activities of the RhoGEF Lbc (a.a. 1-424, FIG. 3)(Zheng et al., 1995) and Dbl (a.a. 495-826, data not shown) were not affected by GST-TRIAPα. The effect of GST-TRIAPα on the catalytic activity of RhoGEFs that display a high sequence similarity with TrioGEFD2 was then tested: the recently identified RhoA-specific p63RhoGEF (Souchet et al., 2002) (a.a. 149-374, 71.5% identity with TrioGEFD2, 0.4 μM) and the second Rho-GEF domain of the Trio family member Kalirin (KalGEFD2, a.a. 1850-2190, 65% identity with TrioGEFD2, 1.7 μM). Different concentrations of RhoGEFs were used to yield similar nucleotide exchange specificity. For each exchange factor, three independent experiments were done in absence or in the presence of a 20-fold molar excess of GST-TRIAPα. GST-TRIAPα had no effect on the catalytic activity of p63RhoGEF and only weakly inhibited KalGEFD2 exchange activity on RhoA. GST-TRIAPα did not block TrioGEFD1 (a.a. 1232-1629, 0.1 μM) activity on RhoG (0.3 μM) (FIG. 3), even though TRIAPα bound TrioGEFD1 in yeast (FIG. 1). Thus, the in vitro inhibitory activity of TRIAPα was selective for TrioGEFD2 (see table I for summary of the tested RhoGEFs). TABLE I Binding and inhibition activity of TRIAPα on various RhoGEFs RhoGEFs Binding in yeast in vitro GEF assay TrioDH2PH2 +++¹ +++² TrioDH2PH2_(L2051E) +++¹ nd TrioDH1PH1 +¹ −−² KalirinDH2PH2 +¹ +² Dbl −−¹ −−² Vav −−¹ nd p115RhoGEF −−¹ nd PDZRhoGEF −−¹ nd p63RhoGEF nd −−² Lbc nd −−² +++¹ and +¹ represent respectively a full and a partial (see Figure 1) binding capacity; +++² and +² represent respectively a full and a partial (see Figure 3) inhibitory effect; −−¹ represents a lack of binding; −−² represents a lack of inhibitory effect; nd means not determined.

TRIPα has the Same Inhibitory Effect as TRIAPα

TRIAPα blocked TrioGEFD2 exchange activity when its conformation was constrained by the presence of thioredoxin. The role of the thioredoxin constraint in inhibition was evaluated by testing whether TrioGEFD2 activity could be blocked by a synthetic peptide of 42 amino acids, TRIPα (Trio Inhibitory Peptide), corresponding to the variable region of TRIAPα. Peptide synthesis was performed on Fmoc-L-Met_PEG-PS resin (Applied Biosystems, San Jose-Calif.) as previously described (Morris et al., 1999). The Fmoc deprotection time was increased all the synthesis long (7 to 9 min) and a 5 min capping by acetylation with 0.3 M acetyl imidazole in DMF was done after coupling, to prevent deleterious peptide synthesis. The peptide was deprotected, purified and analysed as described (Morris et al., 1999), except that dimethylsulfide (3%) was added to the deprotection mixture, to reduce methionine oxidation. MALDI (Matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation) mass spectra (MH⁺=4423) and amino acid analyses after HCl hydrolysis were in line with the expected structure.

At the same dosage (20 fold molar excess), TRIPα was as potent as TRIAPα to block in vitro TrioGEFD2 exchange activity, suggesting that the thioredoxin scaffold is not required for the TRIAPα inhibitory effect on TrioDH2 catalytic activity (compare FIGS. 4 and 2A).

Structure Function Analysis of TRIAPα

In order to map the sequence of TRIPα responsible for the inhibition of TrioGEFD2 activity, different truncations of the TRIPα variable region were tested for their effect on the in vitro TrioGEFD2 exchange activity. Deletion mutants were created in the variable region of GST-TRIAPα (still inserted in the thioredoxin scaffold) and tested for their ability to block TrioGEFD2 activity on RhoA. GEF assays were performed as described in FIG. 2A, in the presence or in the absence of 8 μM of the different inhibitors, as indicated (see Table IIA below). Deletion of the first 8 amino acids of TRIAPα (TRIAPα 942) did not alter its inhibitory effect while deletion of two additional amino acids (TRIAPα 11-42) completely abrogated its effect (FIG. 4 and Table IIA). C-terminal deletions in TRIAPα were also performed: TRIAPα 1-33, 9-40 (SEQ ID NO: 22), 9-38 (SEQ ID NO: 24), 9-36 (SEQ ID NO: 26), 9-34 (SEQ ID NO: 28), displayed full inhibitory activity, while TRIAPα 9-33 (SEQ ID NO: 30) had a reduced activity. These data suggested that the minimal sequence required for TrioGEFD2 inhibition is amino acids 9-34.

In order to go further in the structure function analysis of TRIPα, the amino acids in the TRIPα sequence were systematically replaced by alanine residues, except for cysteine residues which were mutated to serine. For that purpose, point mutants were performed using the “Quick change Site-directed Mutagenesis kit” from Stratagene according to the manufacturer's instructions. All the mutants were tested for their ability to block in vitro TrioGEFD2 activity on RhoA. GEF assays were performed as described in FIG. 2A in the presence or in the absence of 8 μM of the different mutants. The data obtained are summarized in Table IIB.

So far, only 6 essential residues were found for the inhibition of TrioGEFD2 activity, and three of them are cysteine residues. We are currently investigating whether the presence of these amino acids is required for the correct tridimensional structure of the peptide or whether these residues directly participate in the inhibition of GEFD2 activity. TABLE II structure function analysis of TRIAPα Amino Inhibition of acids Sequence TrioGEFD2 activity A  1-42 AREGADGAICGYNLATLVMLGPSERVFCPLCEPCSSDIYELM ++  1-22 AREGADGAICGYNLATLVMLGP −− 22-42                      PSERVFCPLCEPCSSDIYELM −−  9-42         ICGYNLATLVMLGPSERVFCPLCEPCSSDIYELM ++ 11-42           GYNLATLVMLGPSERVFCPLCEPCSSDIYELM −−  9-40         ICGYNLATLVMLGPSERVFCPLCEPCSSDIYE ++  9-38         ICGYNLATLVMLGPSERVFCPLCEPCSSDI ++  9-36         ICGYNLATLVMLGPSERVFCPLCEPCSS ++  9-34         ICGYNLATLVMLGPSERVFCPLCEPC ++  9-33         ICGYNLATLVMLGPSERVFCPLCEP +  1-33 AREGADGAICGYNLATLVMLGPSERVFCPLCEP ++ B AREGADGAI CGYNLATLVMLGPSERVF CPLC EPCSSDIYELM A represents essential residues for inhibition of TrioGEFD2activity A represents non essential residues for inhibition of ThioGEFD2activity A represents non tested residues for inhibition of TrioGEFD2 activity

Inhibition by TRIPα of TrioGEFD2-Mediated RhoA Activation in Intact Cells

The Inventors next wanted to determine the effect of TRIPα on GEFD2-mediated RhoA activation in intact cells. First, it was checked whether TRIPα could bind to TrioGEFD2 in mammalian cells. For that purpose, vectors expressing the variable region of TRIAPα (TRIPα) fused to GFP in the pEGFP-C3 plasmid (Clontech) were designed. GFP or GFP-TRIPα were co-expressed with pMTHA-TrioGEFD2 by transfection of COS cells using Lipofectamine Plus (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Immunoprecipitation of GFP-tagged constructs from COS cell lysates were done with the polyclonal rabbit anti-GFP antibody (Torrey Pines Biolabs, Inc.). The presence of TrioGEFD2 in GFP-immunoprecipitates was revealed by western-blotting using the monoclonal anti-HA antibody 12CA5 (Boehringer/Roche). As shown in FIG. 5A, TrioGEFD2 was present in the GFP-TRIPα-, and not in the GFP-immunoprecipitates, indicating that TRIPα interacts with TrioGEFD2 in mammalian cells.

The Inventors then wanted to assess the inhibition by TRIPα of TrioGEFD2-mediated activation of endogenous RhoA in intact cells. To do so, the RhoA activity assay was used to detect the active GTP-bound form of RhoA (Ren et al., 1999). Briefly, COS cells were transfected as described in FIG. 5A with TrioGEFD2 in absence or in the presence of GFP-TRIAPα. 48 hours after transfection, cell lysates were subjected to GST-pull down using 20 μg of the recombinant RBD (RhoA binding domain) fragment of the RhoA-specific effector Rhotekin, that binds only to the activated GTP-bound form of RhoA. The presence of the activated RhoA in the samples was revealed using a monoclonal anti RhoA antibody (Santa-Cruz Biotechnology). As shown in FIG. 5B, the activation of RhoA by TrioGEFD2 was significantly inhibited by the co-expression of GFP-TRIPα showing that TRIPα is able to inhibit TrioGEFD2 activity in intact cells.

GFP-TRIPα Specifically Reverted the Inhibitory Effect of Ectopically Expressed TrioGEFD2 on NGF-Induced Neurite Outgrowth in PC12 Cells.

Numerous reports have established Rho-GTPases as key regulators of neuronal morphology (Luo, 2000). In neuronal cell lines, activation of RhoG, Rac and Cdc42 induces neurite outgrowth, while RhoA stimulation antagonises this effect by promoting neurite retraction (Katoh et al., 2000; Kozma et al., 1997; Yamaguchi et al., 2001). The PC12 cell line is a useful cellular model for studying Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation. PC12-E2 cells were plated on collagen-coated 12 mm coverslips as described previously (Estrach et al., 2002) and transfected with the Lipofectamine Plus reagent (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After transfection and differentiation with NGF (Promega, 50 ng/ml in DMEM medium supplemented with 0.5% horse serum (HS)) for 16 hours, PC12 cells were fixed and permeabilised as described (Estrach et al., 2002). Expression of proteins was visualised directly for GFP-constructs, with a monoclonal anti-HA antibody (12CA5) for HA-TrioGEFD2 or with a monoclonal anti-myc antibody (9E10) for Myc-Kalirin GEFD2 (aa 1850-2190) followed by AMCA-conjugated anti-mouse IgG. Filamentous actin was stained with Rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin. Cells were observed under a DMR Leica microscope using a 40× planapochromat lens. Images were recorded using a Hamamatsu CCD camera. All transfections were repeated at least three times, and an average of 200 cells was counted each time. Cells with neurites are defined as cells with neurites of at least twice the length of the cell body.

As already described in other studies (Kozma et al., 1997), it was observed that expression of an activated form of RhoA (RhoAV14) in PC12 cells prevented NGF-induced neurite outgrowth (FIG. 5D, black column). Similarly, it was noticed that expression of TrioGEFD2 and KalGEFD2 also prevented NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, which is consistent with their specificity for RhoA. For example, only 16% of PC12 cells expressing HA-TrioGEFD2 extended neurites in response to NGF (FIG. 5D, black column), whereas more than 50% of cells usually respond to NGF treatment (see FIG. 6). It was then tested whether GFP-TRIPα could revert the inhibitory effect of TrioGEFD2 on NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. Interestingly, co-expression of GFP-TRIPα with TrioGEFD2 reverted the Trio-dependent inhibition, since 45% of co-transfected cells extended neurites upon NGF treatment, while this reversion was not observed in presence of GFP alone or GFP-TRIPβ (FIGS. 5C and D). Since TRIPα slightly inhibited KalGEFD2 exchange activity in vitro, it was then tested whether TRIPα was able to affect KalGEFD2 activity in vivo. In contrast to TrioGEFD2, neurite extension was similarly inhibited by KalGEFD2 either with or without GFP-TRIPα co-expression (FIG. 5D). Taken together, these data show that. TRIPα specifically inhibits the effect of ectopically expressed TrioGEFD2 on PC12 morphology.

Inhibition of Trio by TRIPα Protects PC12 Cells from Serum- and LPA-Induced Neurite Retraction

Serum addition to neuronally-differentiated cells leads to rapid neurite retraction 5 and growth cone collapse, which has been shown to be mediated by the GTPase RhoA (Jalink et al., 1994). Since Trio is an activator of RhoA and is expressed in PC12 cells (Estrach et al., 2002), it was analysed whether TRIPα could interfere with serum-induced neurite retraction in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. To this end, PC12 cells expressing GFP-TRIPα, GFP (or GFP-TRIPα 11-42, data not shown) were exposed 16 hours to NGF (50 ng/ml) and transfected cells expressing either GFP-construct presented a similar neurite outgrowth after 16 hours of NGF treatment, indicating that TRIPα had no visible effect on the NGF pathway in these experimental conditions. After NGF treatment, cells were subjected to serum addition (DMEM medium supplemented with 10% HS and 5% fetal calf serum (FCS)) from 0 to 15 min (FIG. 6A). Cells were then fixed and permeabilised (Estrach et al., 2002) and observed as described in FIG. 5. Cells with neurites are defined as cells with neurites of at least twice the length of the cell body.

As illustrated in FIG. 6A, upon serum addition, GFP- (or GFP-TRIPα 11-42-, data not shown) expressing cells retracted their neurites by 15 min, while expression of TRIPα significantly inhibited this retraction (around 18% of GFP-expressing cells presented neurites versus 32% for the GFP-TRIPα expressing cells).

Among the serum components known to trigger neurite retraction and cell rounding in neuronal cells is lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (Moolenaar et al., 1997). Thus, a similar neurite retraction assay was performed, except that, instead of the serum-containing medium, LPA (10 μM, Sigma) was added to TRIPα transfected and differentiated PC12 cells (FIG. 6B). Strikingly, TRIPα also inhibited LPA-mediated neurite collapse, since after 15 min more than 37% of TRIPα expressing cells still presented neurites, while only 22% of GFP transfected cells retained neurites.

Altogether, given the specificity of TRIPα for Trio, these results suggest that TRIPα prevents serum- and LPA-induced neurite retraction, and that this effect is due to the inhibition of the endogenous TrioGEFD2 activity.

TRIPα Enhances the Rac GTPase-Mediated Neurite Outgrowth Induced by NGF

As already mentioned, the Rac and RhoA pathways have antagonistic activities in the control of the neuronal morphology. Rac controls neurite outgrowth, while RhoA acts on neurite retraction (Luo, 2000). Given the properties of TRIPα on the protection against neurite retraction via the inhibition of the RhoA pathway, the Inventors wanted to determine whether TRIPα could indirectly facilitate Rac-mediated neurite outgrowth induced by NGF.

As shown in FIG. 6A, TRIPα does not seem to have an effect on the NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. However, since the NGF treatment was performed for 16 hours, it was still possible that the effect of TRIPα on the NGF-differentiation signal was masked by the long NGF exposure. To test this hypothesis, PC12 cells expressing GFP-TRIPα or GFP were subjected to a time-course exposure to NGF (50 ng/ml) for 1 to 24 hours. As shown in FIG. 6C, cells expressing GFP-TRIPα responded to NGF treatment more quickly than the control cells, suggesting that indeed GFP-TRIPα enhanced NGF-induced neurite outgrowth.

Control of Trio RhoGEF Activity by TRIAPα Using the Yeast Exchange Assay.

In order to better characterise the effect of TRIAPα on the Trio full length RhoGEF activity, the yeast exchange assay (YEA) was used, which is a quick and quantitative test derived from the classical two-hybrid system allowing to measure Rho-GEF activity and specificity (De Toledo et al., 2000). This functional assay is based on the fact that the GTPase binds to its effector only if it is activated by a RhoGEF. Briefly, yeasts are transformed with the GTPase fused to the LexA binding domain (LexA), and its effector to the GAL-4 Activating Domain (GAD), and with the adequate Rho-GEF partner in the yeast strain TAT7 (FIG. 7). Only if the RhoGEF is present, the Rho-GTPase will be activated and will bind to its effector, resulting in a transcriptional active complex driving the expression of the reporter gene (βGal or HIS).

First of all, it was checked whether the activation of RhoA by TrioGEFD2 alone was blocked by the expression of TRIAPα in this system. The variable region of TRIAPα was cloned in the pRS422 vector, and subsequently transformed in the yeast strain TAT7 with the appropriate vectors according to standard procedures (Ito et al., 1983). As expected, the expression of TRIAPα blocked specifically TrioGEFD2-mediated activation of RhoA (FIG. 7B).

The Inventors then wanted to determine the effect of TRIAPα on Trio full length-mediated RhoA activation. Surprisingly, full-length Trio does not activate the RhoA pathway, suggesting that, under these conditions, TrioGEFD2 is not active in the context of the full-length protein (FIG. 8). In order to explain the effect of TRIAPα on neuronal morphology, it was checked whether TRIAPα could indirectly modulate TrioGEFD1-mediated RhoG activation that leads to Rac activation and neurite outgrowth. In the YEA system, Trio is able to activate RhoG in the context of the full-length protein, and surprisingly, the presence of TRIAPα greatly enhanced TrioGEFD1 activation of RhoG. This observation suggests that TRIAPα, by binding to TrioGEFD2, indirectly activates TrioGEFD1. This is consistent with the previous experiments showing that TRIAPα facilitates the effect of NGF on neurite outgrowth.

All together, these data suggest that TRIAPα protects cells from neurite retraction probably by enhancing the activity of TrioGEFD1 on the Rac pathway.

PCR-Mediated Random Mutagenesis of TRIAPα

PCR-mediated random mutagenesis was performed on TRIAPα to isolate TRIPα-related peptides that could have the following properties:

-   -   1) a TRIP-related peptide with higher affinity for TrioGEFD2 to         enhance TRIPα biological activity on the protection against         neurite retraction;     -   2) as described earlier, TRIAPα binds to TrioGEFD1 but does not         affect its exchange activity; in this context, the mutagenesis         allows us to find potent TrioGEFD1 inhibitors;     -   3) given the high sequence similarity between the different         members of the Rho-GEF family, it should be also possible to         isolate aptamers against other RhoGEF family members by         screening a large number of mutagenised aptamers.

Briefly, the PCR-mediated random mutagenesis is done on TRIAPα according to the protocol described in (Geyer et al., 2000; Cadwell and Joyce, 1992) to introduce random point mutations distributed throughout the amplified sequence. The amplified PCR-products are then tested for their affinity towards their target and their capacity to inhibit the RhoGEF target activity.

This is done by testing the putative candidates in a yeast two hybrid system where the reporter-dependent growth observed is directly correlated with the strength of interaction (Sardet et al., 1995; Durfee et al., 1993). The putative candidates that bind strongly to TrioGEFD2 (or GEFD1 or any other RhoGEF) are then tested in the YEA assay for their capacity to inhibit the activation of their Rho-GTPase target.

The selected TRIAPα-related aptamers are then tested in in vitro GEF assay as described in FIG. 2A, and in intact cells for their expected biological effect (as described in FIGS. 5 and 6). Further, peptides corresponding to the variable region of these new aptamers are then synthesized (as described earlier) and tested for their effect in vitro and in vivo.

Efficient Targeting of TRIPα in Primary Cell Cultures and In Vivo

Until now, TRIPα has been delivered in the cytoplasm by transfection. In order to optimise the delivery of the inhibitor in cells difficult to transfect such as primary neuron cultures, or in a whole organism, different techniques were used to increase the peptide targeting.

Fusion peptides: numerous fusion peptides have been described: the antennapedia-derived peptides (Derossi et al., 1998), the HIV protein TAT (Nagahara et al., 1998), the Pep-1 (Morris et al., 2001) and SynB1 fusion peptides (Temsamani et al., 2000). All these fusion peptides are mixed with TRIPα (in a concentration range from 1 pM to 100 μM) and are tested first on the delivery of TRIPα in PC12 cells. The optimised delivery system is then used on primary neurons as described below.

Canine adenovirus vectors: Alternatively, in order to express TRIPα in primary neurons, a novel viral vector derived from canine adenovirus was used: CAV-2 (Soudais et al., 2001). CAV-2 vectors transduce preferentially neuronal cells, and not glia or oligodendrocytes.

The construction and purification of CAV-GFP have been described (Kremer et al., 2000). The construction of CAV-GFP-TRIPα and CAV-GFP-TRIPβ were done by recombination in E. coli BJ5183 by using SwaI linearised pTG5412 and a fragment containing the inverted terminal repeat, the GFP-TRIPα or −TRIPβ cassette and the CAV-2B regions. The preparation of CAV-GFP, CAV-GFP-TRIPα, and CAV-GFP-TRIPβ adenovirus vectors were done as described (Kremer et al., 2000) and stocks containing approx. 1-5×10¹² particles/ml were generated. Primary rat cortex cultures (embryonic day eighteen) were infected for 48 hours with our CAV-GFP fusion adenovirus (500 particles/cell). Cells were then fixed and expression of GFP fusion peptides was visualized directly. As shown in FIG. 9, cortical neurons infected by the CAV-GFP adenovirus show a nice GFP, GFP-TRIPα or GFP-TRIPβ expression.

Effect of TRIPα on the Morphology of Primary Neuron Cultures

Next, the effect of TRIAPα was tested on the morphology of primary neuron cultures. For that purpose, different neurons are isolated as follows:

Primary rat spinal cord neuron cultures: Primary motoneuron cultures are generated from embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) rat spinal cords as described previously (Bechade et al., 1996). Cells are plated at 4×10⁵ cells/ml on glass coverslips in four-well plates. Under these culture conditions, morphological differentiation appears by day 14.

Primary rat hippocampal neurons: Cultures of rat hippocampal neurons are prepared from hippocampi of 18-day-old fetal rats as described previously (Goslin and Banker, 1998). Hippocampi are dissociated by treatment with 0.25% trypsin and trituration with a Pasteur pipette. Dissociated cells are plated on coverslips with the appropriate substrate, in MEM (Modified Eagle's Medium) with 10% horse serum, at 1-5×10⁵ cells/ml. After cell attachment, coverslips are transferred onto a glial cell layer, which provides factors necessary for survival and differentiation. Cells are maintained in MEM with 1% N2 (Invitrogen Inc.), 2 mM glutamine and 1 mg/ml BSA. Under these conditions, hippocampal neurons extend rapidly small processes of which one will become the axon (Armano et al., 2002).

Rat hippocampal slices: Rat hippocampal slices are prepared from P8 rats (post-natal day 8) with a tissue chopper as described previously (Stoppini et al., 1991). Briefly, the hippocampus is dissected in ice-cold dissection medium (MEM and penicillin/Streptomycin), sliced transversely and separated from one another in culture medium (0.5×MEM, 0.25×HBSS, 0.25× decomplemented horse serum, penicillin/streptomycin and 1 mM glutamine). Slices are immediately plated onto membrane inserts in Petri dishes containing 1 ml of medium, or infected with CAV-GFP or CAV-GFP-TRIPα adenovirus vectors, 2 days post plating. Slices are then fixed and processed for immunofluorescence as described previously (Nakayama et al., 2000).

Rat retinal neurons: To culture retinal neurons, retinas are removed from postnatal day 1 to 5 (P1-P5) rat pups and the cells are dissociated with 12.5 U/ml papain in HBSS, 0.2 mg/ml DL-cysteine and 20 μg/ml BSA, as described (Lehmann et al., 1999). Cells are plated on the appropriate substrate in DMEM with 10% FBS, vitamins and penicillin/streptomycin. Neurons are visualized by fluorescence microscopy anti-βIII tubulin antibody, which detects growing retinal ganglion cells (RGC) (Fournier and McKerracher, 1997).

Depending on the cell type, cells at different days post-plating are transduced with: i) virus stocks expressing CAV-GFP and CAV-GFP-TRIPα at approx. 100 particles/cell for 24 to 48 hours. Under these conditions, both GFP-constructs transduce the majority of neurons in the culture (see FIG. 9); ii) with fusion peptides as described before; iii) alternatively, neurons are transfected with GFP-TRIPα or control plasmid by biolistic transfection (Nakayama et al., 2000).

Neurons expressing the different GFP-constructs are examined for the morphology of their axons and dendrites, on different extracellular matrix substrates and in response to repulsive cues (Fournier and Strittmatter, 2001).

Effect of TRIPα In Vivo

The effect of TRIPα in vivo is determined by using different assays as follows:

Effect of TRIPα on Crushed Optic Nerves in Adult Rats

To test the effect of TRIPα on damaged neurons, regeneration of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in the optic nerve was examined 2 weeks after optic nerve crush. The procedure is the one as described in Lehmann et al. (1999). Briefly, RGCs are axotomised by constriction made on the optic nerve of anaesthetised rats. To apply TRIPα to crushed nerves, GST-TRIPα (2 to 100 μg) and GST control, or the synthetic TRIPα peptide, or alternatively CAV-GFP-TRIPα expression virus stocks, are applied around the optic nerve using Elvax tubes. The crushed and regenerating axons are then visualized by anterograde labelling with cholera toxin injected into the eye 12 days after optic nerve crush, and 2 days later, sections of the optic nerve are observed using fluorescent microscopy (for details see Lehman et al., 1999).

Effect of TRIPα on Spinal Cord Lesions in Adult Rats

To induce lesions in the spinal cord of adult rats the procedure is the one as described in Huang et al. (1999). The corticospinal tracts of the dorsal half of the spinal cord are severed with a pair of microcissors. Simultaneously, TRIPα is either injected (1 pM to 100 μM) or introduced by adenovirus vectors into the spinal cord. At different times post lesion (1 week to 3 weeks), mice are injected with a specific marker (WGA-HRP) into the sensory-motor cortex as described previously (L1 et al., 1996). Two days after injection, mice are sacrificed and longitudinal sections of the spinal cord are made and revealed by HRP histochemistry.

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1. A method for determining inhibitors of proteins from the Rho-GEF family, comprising screening proteins with an aptamer library.
 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising determining inhibitors of the protein Trio.
 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising determining specific inhibitors of the GEFD2 domain of the protein Trio (TrioGEFD2).
 4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising determining inhibitors of the protein Trio which specifically bind to the GEFD1 domain of the protein Trio (TrioGEFD1).
 5. The method according to claim 4, further comprising determining inhibitors of the protein Trio which do not inhibit TrioGEFD1.
 6. Process for determining inhibitors of any one of the proteins from the Rho-GEF family, comprising: a step of contacting said protein for which an inhibitor is sought with the peptides from an aptamer library, a step of recovering a first group of peptides which specifically bind to said protein, particularly to the catalytic domain of the GEF region of said protein, a step of recovering, among the first group of peptide as mentioned above, the peptide which specifically inhibits the in vitro exchange activity of said protein towards any one of the proteins from the Rho-GTPase family, as determined for example in the GEF assay, and a step of testing the peptide as mentioned above for its capacity to inhibit in intact cells the activity of the Rho-GEF on the appropriate GTPase, using for example the GTPase activity assay.
 7. Process for determining inhibitors of any one of the proteins from the Rho-GEFs family, comprising: a step of contacting said protein for which an inhibitor is sought with the peptides from an aptamer library, a step of recovering a first group of peptides which specifically bind to said protein, particularly to the catalytic domain of the GEF region of said protein, a step of recovering, among the first group of peptides as mentioned above, the peptide which specifically inhibits the in vitro exchange activity of said protein towards RhoA, as determined for example in the GEF assay, and a step of testing the peptide as mentioned above for its capacity to inhibit in intact cells the activity of the Rho-GEF on RhoA, using for example the GTPase activity assay.
 8. A polypeptide, characterized in that said polypeptide comprises or consists of any one of the following amino acid sequences: the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, or any sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 as defined above, especially by substitution, deletion or addition of one or more amino acids, with the proviso that said derived sequence inhibits TrioGEFD2, or any homologous sequence of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 as defined above, preferably having a homology of at least about 30% with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, with the proviso that said homologous sequence inhibits TrioGEFD2, or any fragment of any one of the sequences as defined above, said fragment being preferably consisted of at least about 40 to about 140, preferably of about 137 amino acids of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, with the proviso that said fragment inhibits TrioGEFD2.
 9. A polypeptide according to claim 8, characterized in that said polypeptide comprises or consists of any one of the following amino acid sequences: the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, or any sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4 as defined above, especially by substitution, deletion or addition of one or more amino acids, with the proviso that said derived sequence inhibits TrioGEFD2, or any homologous sequence of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4 as defined above, preferably having a homology of at least about 30% with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, with the proviso that said homologous sequence inhibits TrioGEFD2, or any fragment of any one of the sequences as defined above, said fragment being preferably consisted of at least about 25 to about 40, preferably of about 30 amino acids of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, with the proviso that said fragment inhibits TrioGEFD2.
 10. A fragment of a polypeptide according to claim 9, characterized in that said polypeptide is chosen among the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO:
 18. 11. A variant of a polypeptide according to claim 8, characterized in that said polypeptide is chosen among the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO:
 60. 12. A polypeptide according to claim 8 further comprising flanking parts consisting of fragments of the thioredoxin.
 13. A nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide according to claim
 8. 14. A nucleotide sequence according to claim 13, characterized in that said nucleotide comprises or consists of: the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 coding for the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, or any nucleotide sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 by degeneration of the genetic code, and coding for a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, or any nucleotide sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, especially by substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides, and coding for a derived polypeptide such as defined in claim 4, or any nucleotide sequence homologous of SEQ ID NO: 1, having preferably a homology of at least about 15%, in particular of at least about 20%, with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 coding for a polypeptide homologous of SEQ ID NO: 2, such as defined in claim 4, or any fragment of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or of any one of the above-defined nucleotide sequences, said fragment being preferably consisted of at least about 120 to about 420, preferably of about 411 nucleotides of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, or any complementary nucleotide sequence of the above-mentioned sequences or fragments, or any nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing in stringent conditions with the complementary sequence of one of the above-mentioned sequences or fragments.
 15. A nucleotide sequence according to claim 14, characterized in that said nuceotide comprises or consists of: the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 coding for the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, or any nucleotide sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3 by degeneration of the genetic code, and coding for a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, or any nucleotide sequence derived from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, especially by substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides, and coding for a derived polypeptide such as defined in claim 6, or any nucleotide sequence homologous of SEQ ID NO: 3, having preferably a homology of at least about 15%, in particular of at least about 20%, with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3 coding for a polypeptide homologous of SEQ ID NO: 4, such as defined in claim 6, or any fragment of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or of any one of the above-defined nucleotide sequences, said fragment being preferably consisted of at least about 75 to about 120, preferably of about 90 nucleotides of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, or any complementary nucleotide sequence of the above-mentioned sequences or fragments, or any nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing in stringent conditions with the complementary sequence of one of the above-mentioned sequences or fragments.
 16. A fragment of a nucleotide sequence according to claim 13, characterized in that it is chosen among the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO:
 17. 17. A variant of a nucleotide sequence according to claim 13, characterized in that it is chosen among the following sequences: SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 57 and SEQ ID NO:
 59. 18. A recombinant vector, especially a plasmid, a cosmid, a phage or a DNA virus, containing a nucleotide sequence according to claim
 13. 19. A recombinant vector according to claim 18, containing the elements necessary for the expression in a host cell of the polypeptides coded by a nucleic acids according to inserted in said vector.
 20. A host cell, in particular chosen from bacteria, viruses, yeasts, fungi, plants or mammalian cells, the said host cell being transformed, in such a way that its genome contains a nucleotide sequence according to claim
 17. 21. A pharmaceutical composition characterized in that said composition comprises a polypeptide according to claim 8, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 22. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, characterized in that said composition contains from about 700 μg to about 80 mg, preferably from about 7 to about 40 mg, as a unit dose, of the polypeptide according to claim
 8. 23. A method for the preparation of a drug for the treatment of pathologies that are related to the peripheral nervous system or to the central nervous system, in particular for the treatment of accidental paralysis related to the spinal marrow, comprising adminstering a polypeptide according to claim
 8. 